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Economic analysis is a method of looking at resources and measuring the efficiency with which those resources used to attain the goal. the cost and benefit analysis of higher education in India will be discussed through the some method like demand and supply with long run analysis comparing the article on THE ECONOMIC TIMES ( Raising investment in higher education ), as far as the article is concerned UK and USA are most demanded by the Indian student . In comparing with 2000 and 2008 data enrolment ratio in higher education, which measures the number of individual going to college as percentage of college –age population is increasing in case of India, in 2000 it was 8% but in 2008 it was 13%. Before we going to detail analysis let’s first discuss about the demand of higher education in India

Demand and supply analysis

Though 2010 ranking has not given any Indian university within top 100 university around the world but we the Indian know the over coming student are real power of the human resources all over the world . India has the third largest higher education system in the world, next only to China and the United States. Before Independence, access to higher education was very limited and elitist, with enrolment of less than a million students in 500 colleges and 20 universities. Since independence, the growth has been very impressive; the number of universities (as on31st March 2006) has increased by 18-times, the number of colleges by 35 times and enrolment more than 10 times (Annual Report, MHRD 2006-07). The system is now more mass-based and democratized with one third to 40% of enrolments coming from lower socio-economic strata, and women comprising of some 35%of the total enrolments (Tilak 2004). Day by day Indian enrollment for Indian education is increasing in the below will present some data regarding demand for higher education.

Higher Education Institutions and Enrolment (In thousand)

1995-1996 14234

2001-2002 13702

2004-2005 17973

2007-2008 18200

Enrollment in degree-granting institutions increased by 14 percent between 1987 and 1997. Between 1997 and 2007, enrollment increased at a faster rate (26 percent), from 14.5 million to 18.2 million. Much of the growth between 1997 and 2007 was in full-time enrollment; the number of full-time students rose 34 percent, while the number of part-time students rose 15 percent. During the same time period, the number of females rose 29 percent, compared to an increase of 22 percent in the number of males. Enrollment increases can be affected both by population growth and by rising rates of enrollment. Between 1997 and 2007, the number of 18- to 24-year-olds increased from 25.5 million to 29.5 million, an increase of 16 percent, and the percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college remained relatively stable (37 percent in 1997 and 39 percent in 2007). In addition to the enrollment in accredited 2-year colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities, about 447,000 students attended non-degree-granting, Title IV eligible¹, postsecondary institutions in fall 2006.

Total university for higher education (both deemed and government)

as far as above table is concerned there rising number of university every year till 2008 -2009 ,it is 427 . It shows the supply factor of the higher education is continuously increasing and reason behind is world wide reputation of Indian higher education .Recently there was a program on one of the TV Channel about state of higher education in India. As per current statistics only 3 to 5% of the candidates go for post graduation /higher education. Such rate is quite alarming and for growing country like India there is definite need to take this rate to the higher level. Government is trying to increase this rate by allowing foreign universities to enter into the Indian education space. It would definitely enhance the quality of higher education in India. It would lead to more competition and better quality of student output from higher education institutes.

Long run analysis

India stands out from other emerging economies because its growth has been led by the service sector rather than labour-intensive manufactures. The quality education and improving higher education leads greater improvement of service sector. The accelerated economic growth leading to demand for skilled man power and to enhance competitiveness in a globalised economy has made the higher education sector a priority sector today. Today the key concerns of Indian Higher Education are low General Enrolment Ratio (GER) at 11 per cent compared to world average of 23.2 percent, low public spending on per student in Indian at US$ 400 compared to the average developing country spend about US$ 1000. China spends about US$ 2500 and developed countries like US spend US$ 10,000.

the recent announcement by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh on 3^rd January 2007 to raise the input in higher education and research to 2% of Gross National Product, at this critical juncture and Yet another feather in the crown was added on 12^th March, 2007 when the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Prime Minister, vowed to set up a board known as the “National Science and Engineering Research Board” with an investment of Rs. ten billion, to encourage quality in science. our advanced educational systems like IITs, IIMs, IISc, many elite institutions and a few central universities that have developed as world class institutions of excellence only prove that we are capable of creating a robust educational system

Recent initiative of the Ministry of HRD in setting-up more Central Universities, Indian Institutes of Science, Education & Research (IISERs), NITs Central Institutes of Technologies, IITs, IIMs and access to education though open and distance learning are a few positive initiatives. These institutions need to be provided with a robust internal governance mechanism capable of preventing dilution of the main mission of these institutions. In the recent time government has taken imitative to increase the worthiness of Indian higher education later on day Indian will prove himself as global leader in the human resources

Cost –benefit analysis

The number of universities has grown manifold and a similar trend has been witnessed in the number of student enrollments (grown to ~ 14 Million) in the higher education. The annual student enrollments in higher education are expected to grow at a CAGR of nearly 8.7% during 2010-11 to 2012-13. Further, the market size of higher education will witness a CAGR of approximately 15% to cross US$ 22 Billion by 2013. . A recent survey conducted by MasterCard International in 13 countries in the Asia-Pacific region bears testimony to this fact. Of the 234 Indian respondents from middle- and upper-income groups with children below 21, 75 per cent saved money every month for their children's future education. Thirty-four per cent of the Indian respondents saved more than $25 (Rs 1,075) a month.

Like the survey's respondents, you too might be saving regularly to ensure a safe tomorrow for your child. But in the future, merely saving regularly won't be enough. For an adequate education nest egg, critical for your child's higher education, you will have to do three things right: invest the appropriate amount, at the right time and in the right mix of investment options. A savings effort that factors in these three points will help you clear the four hurdles in the path to building a substantial education nest egg.

Moreover, unlike school education, which can be financed by monthly income, higher education requires savings, mostly to cushion you from sudden escalations in tuition costs. Take the case of Mohan Rao, a senior human resources executive based in Mumbai. The annual expenditure for his 18-year-old daughter Freya's first year MBBS studies was Rs 26,000. This is in addition to Rs 50,000 spent the previous year for medical exam coaching. Compared to many others, Rao was lucky. He didn't have to pay a donation fee to get Freya admitted to a medical college, or he would have been poorer by Rs 9-30 lakh. In the future, you can only expect these costs to touch daunting highs.

Keep an eye on growth. An early start also gives you the freedom to invest a portion of your savings in aggressive investment avenues like mutual fund growth schemes and even stocks directly. These growth investments are essential to beat inflation. On the other hand, a late start pins you down to more secure but low-paying options.

1.4 million College graduates across 852 public and private institutions. ROIs were calculated based on the cost of college — tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies — and the estimated median pay for those graduate plus four-to-six years to compensate for time spent in school. Costs don’t account for financial aid. The 30-year returns are reflected in real terms and the annual ROI figures include 4.3% yearly wage inflation.

Overall, the best value proved to be public schools attended by in-state students, yielding a 9.7% average net annualized ROI. The worst deal was attending an out-of-state public school, yielding an annualized net ROI of 8.4%. The net annualized return for private institutions was 9.1%.

The study suggests that a bachelor’s degree has been devalued with lower ROIs over the years, though advanced and professional degrees are seeing greater returns. It also points to the longtime belief that attending an elite university matters — higher institution like IIM ,IIT other top institution are providing lucrative ROI

Conclusion

Now a days guys are always think about roi factor for higher education, the intuition like IIM ,IIT ,ISB etc are providing lucrative return . Indian firm are also providing a handsome salary to higher education holder like MBA and Mtech etc. so, investment on higher education increasing day by day that’s why every middle class Indian saves 1050 rupees every month for his children education (NDTV survey). But there is big question mark on the dream of the middle class family, because only top institution are giving return . In the present scenario higher education institution increasing like mushroom ,many asipirant are going to abroad and investing lakh of money and returning home without job.so ,analysis on higher education is necessary factor for any family and invsetor.

The barely 10-year-old Google is the world's most powerful brand, followed by General Electric and Microsoft, according to a survey conducted by Millward Brown's BrandZ index. The survey assigned values to various brands based on their financial strength and consumer sentiment.

1.Google

Google, with a brand value of $66.434 billion, is the world's most powerful brand. The global search engine giant was started as a research project in January 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D students at Stanford University, California. Google Inc was incorporated on September 7, 1998, at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The company, known for its innovations and stupendous growth rate, went public on August 19, 2004. Page and Brin's search engine was originally called BackRub. The name 'Google' originated from 'googol,' which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Eric E. Schmidt is the CEO of Google, while co-founder Sergey Brin and Larry page are Technology President and Products President, respectively. The company is listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol GOOG. 'Google' is now a verb, having found its way into the dictionary. It means 'to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.'

2. GE

General Electric's brand value has been estimated at $61.880 billion, making it the world's second most powerful brand. GE is a giant US multinational, with headquarters in Fairfield, Connecticut, engaged in technology and services industries. It is the world's second largest company in terms of market capitalization. The famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey in 1876, where the incandescent electric lamp was invented. By 1890, Edison formed the Edison General Electric Company. In 1879, Elihu Thomson and Edwin J. Houston formed the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to rival Edison's firm. However, in 1892, both the companies merged to give birth to the General Electric Company. GE slowly began to diversify its operations. Today its businesses span information technology, financial services, industrial technology, aviation, healthcare, oil and gas, films and entertainment, theme parks, locomotives, insurance, etc. In India, too, GE's enjoys widespread presence. Jeffrey Immelt is GE's chairman & CEO; while Keith Sherin is the CFO, and Robert Wright is GE vice chairman.

3. Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation is the world's largest software company, with global annual revenue of over $44.28 billion. With a brand value of $54.951 billion, it also is the planet's third most powerful brand. Bill Gates, the world's richest man, is the executive chairman of the software giant which he co-founded along with Paul Allen in 1975. On June 25, 1981, the company was incorporated on August 12, 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer with Microsoft's 16-bit operating system, MS-DOS 1.0. On Feb 26, 1986, Microsoft moved to corporate campus in Redmond, Washington, and on March 13, 1986, Microsoft stock went public. On May 22, 1990, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0. On November 20, 1985, Microsoft released its first retail version of Microsoft Windows, originally a graphical extension for its MS-DOS operating system.
Gates is equally admired for his insight and criticised for his business tactics. Steve Ballmer is the company's CEO, while Ray Ozzie is chief software architect. Microsoft employs 76,000 people across 102 countries.

4. Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola's brand value has been estimated at $44.134 billion, making it the world's foruth most powerful brand. Coca-Cola, a carbonated soft drink, was intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in 1885 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Covington, Georgia. It was then called Pemberton's French Wine Coca. Pemberton's partner and bookkeeper, Frank M Robinson, suggested the name and penned the now famous trademark 'Coca-Cola' in his unique script. Coca-Cola was bought over by businessman Asa Griggs Candler in 1887 and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1892. Griggs made the brand a force to reckon
with through his marketing strategies. Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894. In 1919, a group of investors headed by Ernest Woodruff and W C Bradley purchased The Coca-Cola Company for $25 million. Coca-Cola is also the world's best known brand.
E Neville Isdell is the company's chairman and chief executive officer.

5. China Mobile

China Mobile is the world's 5th most powerful brand with a value of $41.214 billion. China Mobile Communications Corporation, also known as China Mobile or CMCC, is China's largest mobile phone operator. It is the world's largest mobile phone operator ranked by number of subscribers, with over 296 million customers. By turnover it is second to Vodafone, which owns 3.3% of the China Mobile. A state-owned enterprise, it was spun off from former monopoly China Telecom in 2000, and now has a 65% share of the highly competitive Chinese mobile market. China Mobile is the largest company registered in Hong Kong.
Wang Jianzhou is the telecom major's chairman and CEO.

6. Marlboro

Marlboro's brand value has been estimated at $39.166 billion, making it the 6th most powerful brand. Marlboro, made by Altria, is the world's best selling cigarette brand. It is famous for its billboard advertisements and magazine ads of the Marlboro Man. Philip Morris, a London-based cigarette manufacturer, created a New York subsidiary in 1902 to sell several of its cigarette brands, including Marlboro. Marlboro then suddenly faltered badly in the market till the 1950s,
when it made a rollicking comeback following the introduction of a new cowboy image for the brand. Sales skyrocketed by 5,000%. Marlboro with a filtered tip was launched in 1955.
The brand is named after Great Marlborough Street, the location of its original London factory. Richmond, Virginia, is now the location of the largest Marlboro cigarette manufacturing plant. Altria CEO & chairman is Louis Camilleri.

7. Wal-Mart

The world's 7th most powerful brand, Wal-Mart, is estimated to be worth $36.880 billion.
Wal-Mart Stores is an American public corporation and the world's largest retailer. It is the largest private employer, the largest grocery retailer, and the largest toy seller in the United States. It was founded by Sam Walton, who opened his first Wal-Mart discount store in Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962. The company was incorporated on October 31, 1969, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. Sam Walton died on April 5, 1992 at the age of 74. His widow Helen R Walton, daughter Alice L Walton, and sons Jim C Walton, John T Walton and S Robson Walton, each with a personal wealth of $20.5 billion, have all been ranked among the richest Americans by Forbes. H Lee Scott is Wal-Mart CEO, while S Robson Walton, is the retail giant's chairman.

8. Citi

Citi is the world's 8th most powerful brand with an estimated value of $33.706 billion. Citigroup Inc was formed following the $140 billion merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group on April 7, 1998 to create the world's largest financial services organization. The company employs almost 300,000 people around the world. Travelers was founded in 1864 in Hartford, Connecticut. It dealt in insurance and is noted for many industry firsts: the first automobile policy, the first commercial airline policy, and the first policy for space travel. In the 1990s, it went through a series of mergers and acquisitions. It was bought by Primerica in 1993, but the resulting company retained the Travelers name. In 1995, it became The Travelers Group. It bought Aetna's property and casualty business in 1996. Citicorp was the descendant of First National City Bank, founded in New York City. It was one of the oldest banks in the United States (founded in 1812), and had the largest international branch presence of any United States headquartered bank. In the 1960s and 1970s, chairman Walter Wriston led the bank into
sovereign debt and loan syndication. It was Writsen who led the technology of ATM cards before the banks. He also spearheaded the name change to Citibank in the late 1970s.
Charles Prince is the company's chairman & CEO.

9. IBM

International Business Machines Corporation, also called IBM or 'Big Blue', is a multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. Till 2006 it was the world's largest computer company, but has now ceded the top spot to Hewlett-Packard. With over 350,000 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest information technology employer in the world. The company which became IBM was founded in 1888 as Herman Hollerith and the Tabulating Machine Company. It was incorporated as Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) on June 15, 1911, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1916. IBM adopted its current name in 1924, where it became a Fortune 500 company. Samuel J Palmisano is IBM chairman & CEO.

10. Toyota

Toyota with an estimated brand value of $33.427 billion is the 10th most powerful brand in the world. Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational corporation and the world's largest auto company that manufactures automobiles, trucks, buses, and robots. The headquarters of Toyota are located in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. It is the world's eighth largest company by revenue of $179 billion as of 2006. The company was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. It created, first as a department of Toyota Industries, its first product Type A engine in 1934 and its first passenger car in 1936. Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937. Although the founding family name is Toyoda, the company name was changed in order to signify the separation of the founders' work life from home life, to simplify the pronunciation, and to give the company a happy beginning. Toyota is considered luckier than Toyoda in Japan. Katsuaki Watanabe is Toyota's president and CEO, while Fujio Cho is chairman. Shoichiro Toyoda is the
company's honorary chairman; Hiroshi Okuda is senior advisor; and Katsuhiro Nakagawa is vice chairman.